Citations and Resources

Thomas, P. A. (2000). Trees : their natural history (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.

 

Robinson, G. (1988). The forest and the trees : a guide to excellent forestry. Island Press.

 

Walker, L. C. (1985). Trees : an introduction to trees and forest ecology for the amateur naturalist. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

 

Lindenmayer, D., & Franklin, J. F. (2002). Conserving forest biodiversity : a comprehensive multiscaled approach. Island Press. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10064670 

 

Zhou, Y., Tao, T., Cox, F., & Johnson, D. (2025). Plant–soil feedback drives the ‘nursing effect’ on Sitka spruce. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 62(2), 429–438.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14848 

 

Ilska, J. J., Tolhurst, D. J., Tumas, H., Maclean, J. P., Cottrell, J., Lee, S. J., Mackay, J., & Woolliams, J. A. (2023). Additive and non-additive genetic variance in juvenile Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong. Carr). Tree Genetics & Genomes, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-023-01627-5 

 

Peinado, M., Aguirre, J. L., Macías, M. Á., & Delgadillo, J. (2011). phytosociological survey of the dune forests of the Pacific Northwest. Plant Biosystems, 145(sup1), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2011.602741 

 

Britannica Editors (2025, December 19). spruce. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/plant/spruce 

 

Lost Coast Outpost. (n.d.). Picea Sitchensis (Sitka Spruce). Humboldt Life.
https://lostcoastoutpost.com/nature/1853/ 

 

Dendrology. (n.d.). Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) fact sheet. Virginia Tech. https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=223 

 

Forest Service. (n.d.). Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce). USDA Forest Service Silvics of North America. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/picea/sitchensis.htm 

 

Forest Service. (1992). Picea sitchensis, Sitka spruce. Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/picsit/all.html

 

Forest Service. (n.d.). Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). USDA FEIS Species Review. https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/picsit 

 

Oregon State University Extension. (n.d.). White pine weevil and Sitka spruce management. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/extd8/files/documents/em9105.pdf 

 

Forest Service. (n.d.). Sitka spruce. USDA Forest Service Silvics Database. https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/sitka-spruce 

 

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. (n.d.). 1903 Wright Flyer. https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/1903-wright-flyer/nasm_A19610048000 

 

Oregon Forest Resources Institute. (n.d.). Sitka spruce tree guide https://oregonforests.org/forest-types-tree-guide/tree-variety/sitka-spruce 

 

Alexa, R. (n.d.). Tree die-back and environmental stress. https://rebeccalexa.com/tree-die-back/ 

 

U.S. Department of Agriculture Climate Hubs. (n.d.). Spruce beetle outbreaks and climate change in Alaska. https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/hubs/northwest/topic/spruce-beetle-outbreaks-and-climate-change-alaska 

 

World Resources Institute. (n.d.). Building a sustainable guitar: Sitka spruce. https://www.wri.org/insights/building-sustainable-guitar-sitka-spruce 

 

Natural Resources Canada. (n.d.). Insects affecting Sitka spruce. https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/insects/factsheet/1847